Hey Guys. This is one of my previous essays on weblogs. I hope it helps.
Rhetorical analysis of Weblogs
When weblogs firstly appeared online between 1994 and 1998, there were only handful users. They posted commentary, personal opinions and essays to maintain and share their personal and professional perspectives, concerns, beliefs and interests. According to Walker (2003) a weblog is frequently updated with dated posts organised in reverse chronological order. Most recent posts appear on the top. Weblogs were used for academic and professional purposes until a community of people started to publish their own blogs. The community started to create their own personal weblogs from 1999 when do-it-yourself blog tools were introduced (Clarke, 2006). While it took 38 years for radio and 13 years for television to attract 50 million listeners and viewers each, it only took 4 years to attract 50 million surfers (Gabay cited in Hammemyr, 2003). According to Rak (2005), this significant escalation of weblog users came from the increase of people who believed in their individual rights and freedom to express their opinions and views on events from around the world.
Today, weblogs can contain some unintelligent or false posts as they are not checked by editors, unlike newspaper articles where everything is filtered (Blood, 2000). This could possibly lead to readers not trusting the information provided in weblogs. If this happens, readers are more likely to go to other weblogs. To prevent or minimize this, weblog editors apply some rhetorical techniques to keep readers within the weblog as long as possible. This essay will introduce and critically discuss ethos, kairos, pathos and interactivity applied to a selected weblog. The chosen weblog is edited by a 37 year old male who is one of the supporters of US presidential candidate Ron Paul.
Ethos
According to Aristotle cited in Cockcroft and Cockcroft (2005, p.72), ethos refers to the ethical appeal created by speakers. By presenting a well planned oratory, it is possible to create the image of having knowledge and credibility on the given topic. Carroll (2004) suggests that the weblogs do not have the filtering system that traditional print media organisations do. As a result there is no one to make sure that all articles contain trustworthy information. However, authors can establish ethos by providing genuine, convincing, realistic, open, honest and useful information (Carroll, 2004).Therefore readers of weblogs create a grounded judgement about the credibility of authors by discovering their identity, motives, expertise and associations (Warnick, 2004). It is important for authors to present themselves as knowledgeable people in order to persuade readers that what is written is true (Warnick, 2004).
In the selected weblog, Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT], there are a several features which demonstrate ethos. Firstly, the editor provides his profile on where he lives, what he does and what he looks like. In his photo, he is wearing a nice suit and red tie with a smile. It may be possible to suggest that this was his way of establish the character that is friendly, honest and open which is appropriate for a person who applied for the presidential election in 2008. With the slogans “Ron Paul for president in 2008”, he immediately lets people know what exactly he wants to achieve this is his motive. Secondly, he provides detailed information on how Ron Paul came in 2nd on the voting dome by Fox Debate in the section of “Ron Paul comes in 2nd on Fox Debate”. He also provides a link to a recording of a live broadcast of the Debate encouraging people to watch the live show and inform the importance of him to Americans. Thirdly, he provides video clips of Ron Paul’s speech which use a lot of rhetorical features. It enables us to see his face, body language and hear his voice. These images and sound bytes present him as a serious, powerful, authority and a knowledgeable person. He provides a lot of statistical information on how the current president is wasting the nation’s money on troops and other nations. Ron Paul states the importance of national security and the welfare of American people before spending significant amount of money in other nations. Here, he mentions the importance of American citizens which who he is getting votes from.
Kairos
The application of kairos refers the authors’ ability to spot the right moments to apply rhetorical language in order to persuade audience successfully (Newall, 2005). Authors also need to be able to spot the right moments to apply rhetorical language in order to persuade audience successfully. Miller and Shepard (2004) also describe kairos as the understanding of timeliness. Authors who can implement kairos are people who can recognise the time to use polite behaviour that is correct, acceptable and appropriate in for the context of their weblog.
Miller and Shepard (2004) suggest that authors need to maintain their weblogs in a way so they are constantly updated with new, up-to-date, unique and interesting information. Authors also need to be able to spot any useful information or intelligent comments posted by readers to evaluate which lead to improvements in the quality of their weblogs.
Miller and Shepard (2004) also discuss how weblogs provide private information and makes a comparison to reality television programmes. During the 1992 presidential campaign, Bill Clinton endeared himself to the voting public. He portrayed himself as a fairly relaxed and fun person. This appealed to younger voters; he introduced them to his family and let them know about his private life. It is possible to argue that this helped to weaken the boundaries between private and public information. In the same year, MTV leased a television programme called The Real World. The programme was about seven young people moving into an apartment together. The every move of these people was followed and it was exciting for people to watch. This is believed to be the origin of the reality television programmes and the culture still remains strongly in programmes such as Celebrity Big Brother (Miller and Shepard, 2004). This increase of people’s interest in “other people’s business” has continued to spread throughout the weblogs as there are space and time to chat or gossip about celebrities. Today, people don’t just chat only about celebrities. They are now chatting about normal people, the individuals. This is seen in majority of weblogs and even magazines. People can now write letters to magazine editors and tell their personal experience or story to get published.
I must agree with Carroll (2004) who suggests that weblogs have advantage to be able to deliver any breaking news faster than news papers can do. As well as speed, weblogs can bring a big advantage by using cutting-edge technology such as the use of cross-links, audio and video clips to create quality global networking. Because Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT] is updated almost daily and provides up-to-date information, it has the image of being reliable, useful and up to date. It would also makes it more interesting and entertaining if he locates audio and video clips above the fold, this would help to catch the reader’s attention. Unfortunately, with this particular weblog, video clips can only be viewed by clicking “play” button on the main page or links attached with posted articles. The editor hasn’t posted any photo or video in the “view my” section which is supposed to be the main location for them. As this weblog is all about Ron Paul and American politics, it is possible to argue that he deliberately chose not to write about Ron Paul’s private life as it may make him appear less serious and reduce the effectiveness of ethos. However, I believe that if he posts photos of his family, the weblog might create the intimacy with readers by portraying Ron Paul as a normal person, a family man. Furthermore it may appeal to the reader’s desire to know about other people’s private life, similar to the reality TV phenomenon.
Pathos
Pathos refers to a speaker stirring the emotions of their audience and controlling their action or thoughts in the way the speaker wants them to behave or believe. This technique also reflects the human nature as it is totally natural for emotions to affect how we behave (Aristotle cited in Crockroft & Crockroft, 2005, p.77).
In the main page of the weblog, there are two video clips which apply pathos. They present rhythmical music with Paul’s speech. This raised the attention of mine as it was more like a fun game to watch rather than political speech which are often boring to listen to. Perhaps, this is a way to apply the 3-listing repetition method within the context of video clips as viewers can hear many powerful speeches that are patched up so one comes after another. The video clips also contain slogans from previous speeches. Examples could be “We need to understand that the more government spends, the more freedom is lost” and “…. Instead of simply debating spending levels, we ought to be debating whether the departments, agencies, and programmes funded by the budget should exist at all (Congressman, Ron Paul, March 25th 2004)”. It is may be possible to say that by displaying the facts or honest thoughts of Paul, readers are more likely to agree with his opinions and keep watching the video clip and hopefully persuades people to vote for him.
Furthermore, the editor takes an advantage of the fact Paul is against sending American troops to Iraq. To reinforce his stand the author has included these rhetorical questions also from earlier speeches, “How many innocent civilians in our nation and others, are we willing to see killed?” and “How many American civilians will we jeopardize?” It is possible to suggest that in the first slogan, Paul deliberately added other nation’s civilians to American civilians to show that he cares about both American and world peace. The use of “we” perhaps refers to the meaning of American citizens who vote for other politicians are responsible for the death of civilians. Interestingly, at the end of the video clip, he uses the 3-listings, the repetition of “He has never”, in slogans, “He has never voted to raise taxes”, “He has never voted for an unbalanced budget”, “He has never voted to raise congressional pay” and “He has never taken a government-paid junket”. Possibly, this list of facts also helps to prove that he stands by what he believes in. By establishing the trustworthy character, viewers are more likely to believe and agree with what he says.
Interactivity
As Warnick (2006) suggests, interactivity may refer to the interaction between the editor and readers through the weblog. There are three situations: the first case is the user-to-system interaction. Users can click on links or customise site features. Secondly, the user-to-document interaction refers to users posting comments on discussion boards. Third case is the user-to-user interaction where they communicate directly through online chat or sending/receiving instant messages (Warnick, 2006, 143). However, interactivity can also refer to an editor of a weblog using first person, active voice, first-name reference and direct address to readers. This is said to attract readers’ attention and increase “the sense of presence and immediacy” (Warnick, 2006, p.143). Inclusiveness is a very important feature of weblogs.
Furthermore, as weblogs are constantly changing, updating and linking to other texts, Warnick (2006) describes it as an organism rather than just a “work”. According to Kaplan cited in Warnick (2006, p.140), because weblog readers are constantly choosing where to go and what to read next, unlike a continuous document like an essay, readers often read texts in different orders. Warnick (2006) also suggests using short sentences, highlighting, bullet points and numbering lists to keep everything simple and tidy. It is also important to remember to express content in chunks and put the most important information above the fold. This is because when a reader enters a particular weblog, if he does not find any relevant information that he is looking for, then he is more likely to leave the site instead of scrolling down the page to see the hidden section. Warnick (2006) also suggests never to locate “outlinks” in the middle of a text as it provide readers a chance to jump between texts and they may not fully receive the message the author is trying to pass on.
There are many examples of Warnick’s theory found in Ron Paul’s weblog: numbered lists of links, highlighting and underlining of important topics in the 14 January post, and bullet points to summarise the article in the 19 June 2003 post. The editor also uses the quotation marks and exclamation marks to demonstrate the active voice. Examples could be seen in sentences such as “The United States has sent billions and billions of dollars overseas for decades to do fine-sounding things like “building democracy,” “fighting drugs,” and “ending poverty”, “add your comments, too!!!” and “keep them growing!!!”. Interestingly, the list of articles is located at the top of the main page where readers do not have to scroll down the page. As Warnick (2006) suggests, this will keep the readers in the site longer. Also, the short sentences and the use of “(view more)” will make the section tidier and smaller in order to fit above the fold. The editor does locate “outlinks” in the middle of some articles; however there aren’t that many of them and this should not really disrupting readers from getting the message. I believe that this is actually providing opportunities for readers to get extra information from somewhere else as politics involve great amount of data including statistics and long articles from other politicians.
In conclusion, technological improvements have resulted in the use of telephone, radio and television as communication tools has expanding into the creation and operation of many online tools including weblogs. This allows users to expand their social network much further. However as weblog users can be connected globally, it is almost impossible to judge the trustworthiness of the information provided. Focusing on the selected political weblog, this essay has identified and critically discussed the key rhetorical features including ethos, kairos pathos, and interactivity. They are used by the editor for the purpose of entertaining, persuading and maintaining interests of readers as well as keeping them inside the site as long as possible. Furthermore these features are used to create trust. As the majority of weblog users are not educated in term of persuading readers through the use of language and the organisational skill, it is common to see weblogs missing some of key features covered in this essay. Unfortunately, some of key features were missing in the selected weblog, Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT], however, this essay provided reasons why he should apply them, methods and expected outcomes.
Law (2007) suggests, nearly 75% of existing blogs are written in English, Japanese or Korean. This indicates the popularity of weblogs amongst countries that have achieved some degree of economical development. The languages countries that are currently developing such as India and China will probably join this group sometime soon. It will be interesting to see whether Indian and Chinese people will use these rhetorical features of weblogs in the same that English, Japanese and Korean speakers do.
When weblogs firstly appeared online between 1994 and 1998, there were only handful users. They posted commentary, personal opinions and essays to maintain and share their personal and professional perspectives, concerns, beliefs and interests. According to Walker (2003) a weblog is frequently updated with dated posts organised in reverse chronological order. Most recent posts appear on the top. Weblogs were used for academic and professional purposes until a community of people started to publish their own blogs. The community started to create their own personal weblogs from 1999 when do-it-yourself blog tools were introduced (Clarke, 2006). While it took 38 years for radio and 13 years for television to attract 50 million listeners and viewers each, it only took 4 years to attract 50 million surfers (Gabay cited in Hammemyr, 2003). According to Rak (2005), this significant escalation of weblog users came from the increase of people who believed in their individual rights and freedom to express their opinions and views on events from around the world.
Today, weblogs can contain some unintelligent or false posts as they are not checked by editors, unlike newspaper articles where everything is filtered (Blood, 2000). This could possibly lead to readers not trusting the information provided in weblogs. If this happens, readers are more likely to go to other weblogs. To prevent or minimize this, weblog editors apply some rhetorical techniques to keep readers within the weblog as long as possible. This essay will introduce and critically discuss ethos, kairos, pathos and interactivity applied to a selected weblog. The chosen weblog is edited by a 37 year old male who is one of the supporters of US presidential candidate Ron Paul.
Ethos
According to Aristotle cited in Cockcroft and Cockcroft (2005, p.72), ethos refers to the ethical appeal created by speakers. By presenting a well planned oratory, it is possible to create the image of having knowledge and credibility on the given topic. Carroll (2004) suggests that the weblogs do not have the filtering system that traditional print media organisations do. As a result there is no one to make sure that all articles contain trustworthy information. However, authors can establish ethos by providing genuine, convincing, realistic, open, honest and useful information (Carroll, 2004).Therefore readers of weblogs create a grounded judgement about the credibility of authors by discovering their identity, motives, expertise and associations (Warnick, 2004). It is important for authors to present themselves as knowledgeable people in order to persuade readers that what is written is true (Warnick, 2004).
In the selected weblog, Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT], there are a several features which demonstrate ethos. Firstly, the editor provides his profile on where he lives, what he does and what he looks like. In his photo, he is wearing a nice suit and red tie with a smile. It may be possible to suggest that this was his way of establish the character that is friendly, honest and open which is appropriate for a person who applied for the presidential election in 2008. With the slogans “Ron Paul for president in 2008”, he immediately lets people know what exactly he wants to achieve this is his motive. Secondly, he provides detailed information on how Ron Paul came in 2nd on the voting dome by Fox Debate in the section of “Ron Paul comes in 2nd on Fox Debate”. He also provides a link to a recording of a live broadcast of the Debate encouraging people to watch the live show and inform the importance of him to Americans. Thirdly, he provides video clips of Ron Paul’s speech which use a lot of rhetorical features. It enables us to see his face, body language and hear his voice. These images and sound bytes present him as a serious, powerful, authority and a knowledgeable person. He provides a lot of statistical information on how the current president is wasting the nation’s money on troops and other nations. Ron Paul states the importance of national security and the welfare of American people before spending significant amount of money in other nations. Here, he mentions the importance of American citizens which who he is getting votes from.
Kairos
The application of kairos refers the authors’ ability to spot the right moments to apply rhetorical language in order to persuade audience successfully (Newall, 2005). Authors also need to be able to spot the right moments to apply rhetorical language in order to persuade audience successfully. Miller and Shepard (2004) also describe kairos as the understanding of timeliness. Authors who can implement kairos are people who can recognise the time to use polite behaviour that is correct, acceptable and appropriate in for the context of their weblog.
Miller and Shepard (2004) suggest that authors need to maintain their weblogs in a way so they are constantly updated with new, up-to-date, unique and interesting information. Authors also need to be able to spot any useful information or intelligent comments posted by readers to evaluate which lead to improvements in the quality of their weblogs.
Miller and Shepard (2004) also discuss how weblogs provide private information and makes a comparison to reality television programmes. During the 1992 presidential campaign, Bill Clinton endeared himself to the voting public. He portrayed himself as a fairly relaxed and fun person. This appealed to younger voters; he introduced them to his family and let them know about his private life. It is possible to argue that this helped to weaken the boundaries between private and public information. In the same year, MTV leased a television programme called The Real World. The programme was about seven young people moving into an apartment together. The every move of these people was followed and it was exciting for people to watch. This is believed to be the origin of the reality television programmes and the culture still remains strongly in programmes such as Celebrity Big Brother (Miller and Shepard, 2004). This increase of people’s interest in “other people’s business” has continued to spread throughout the weblogs as there are space and time to chat or gossip about celebrities. Today, people don’t just chat only about celebrities. They are now chatting about normal people, the individuals. This is seen in majority of weblogs and even magazines. People can now write letters to magazine editors and tell their personal experience or story to get published.
I must agree with Carroll (2004) who suggests that weblogs have advantage to be able to deliver any breaking news faster than news papers can do. As well as speed, weblogs can bring a big advantage by using cutting-edge technology such as the use of cross-links, audio and video clips to create quality global networking. Because Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT] is updated almost daily and provides up-to-date information, it has the image of being reliable, useful and up to date. It would also makes it more interesting and entertaining if he locates audio and video clips above the fold, this would help to catch the reader’s attention. Unfortunately, with this particular weblog, video clips can only be viewed by clicking “play” button on the main page or links attached with posted articles. The editor hasn’t posted any photo or video in the “view my” section which is supposed to be the main location for them. As this weblog is all about Ron Paul and American politics, it is possible to argue that he deliberately chose not to write about Ron Paul’s private life as it may make him appear less serious and reduce the effectiveness of ethos. However, I believe that if he posts photos of his family, the weblog might create the intimacy with readers by portraying Ron Paul as a normal person, a family man. Furthermore it may appeal to the reader’s desire to know about other people’s private life, similar to the reality TV phenomenon.
Pathos
Pathos refers to a speaker stirring the emotions of their audience and controlling their action or thoughts in the way the speaker wants them to behave or believe. This technique also reflects the human nature as it is totally natural for emotions to affect how we behave (Aristotle cited in Crockroft & Crockroft, 2005, p.77).
In the main page of the weblog, there are two video clips which apply pathos. They present rhythmical music with Paul’s speech. This raised the attention of mine as it was more like a fun game to watch rather than political speech which are often boring to listen to. Perhaps, this is a way to apply the 3-listing repetition method within the context of video clips as viewers can hear many powerful speeches that are patched up so one comes after another. The video clips also contain slogans from previous speeches. Examples could be “We need to understand that the more government spends, the more freedom is lost” and “…. Instead of simply debating spending levels, we ought to be debating whether the departments, agencies, and programmes funded by the budget should exist at all (Congressman, Ron Paul, March 25th 2004)”. It is may be possible to say that by displaying the facts or honest thoughts of Paul, readers are more likely to agree with his opinions and keep watching the video clip and hopefully persuades people to vote for him.
Furthermore, the editor takes an advantage of the fact Paul is against sending American troops to Iraq. To reinforce his stand the author has included these rhetorical questions also from earlier speeches, “How many innocent civilians in our nation and others, are we willing to see killed?” and “How many American civilians will we jeopardize?” It is possible to suggest that in the first slogan, Paul deliberately added other nation’s civilians to American civilians to show that he cares about both American and world peace. The use of “we” perhaps refers to the meaning of American citizens who vote for other politicians are responsible for the death of civilians. Interestingly, at the end of the video clip, he uses the 3-listings, the repetition of “He has never”, in slogans, “He has never voted to raise taxes”, “He has never voted for an unbalanced budget”, “He has never voted to raise congressional pay” and “He has never taken a government-paid junket”. Possibly, this list of facts also helps to prove that he stands by what he believes in. By establishing the trustworthy character, viewers are more likely to believe and agree with what he says.
Interactivity
As Warnick (2006) suggests, interactivity may refer to the interaction between the editor and readers through the weblog. There are three situations: the first case is the user-to-system interaction. Users can click on links or customise site features. Secondly, the user-to-document interaction refers to users posting comments on discussion boards. Third case is the user-to-user interaction where they communicate directly through online chat or sending/receiving instant messages (Warnick, 2006, 143). However, interactivity can also refer to an editor of a weblog using first person, active voice, first-name reference and direct address to readers. This is said to attract readers’ attention and increase “the sense of presence and immediacy” (Warnick, 2006, p.143). Inclusiveness is a very important feature of weblogs.
Furthermore, as weblogs are constantly changing, updating and linking to other texts, Warnick (2006) describes it as an organism rather than just a “work”. According to Kaplan cited in Warnick (2006, p.140), because weblog readers are constantly choosing where to go and what to read next, unlike a continuous document like an essay, readers often read texts in different orders. Warnick (2006) also suggests using short sentences, highlighting, bullet points and numbering lists to keep everything simple and tidy. It is also important to remember to express content in chunks and put the most important information above the fold. This is because when a reader enters a particular weblog, if he does not find any relevant information that he is looking for, then he is more likely to leave the site instead of scrolling down the page to see the hidden section. Warnick (2006) also suggests never to locate “outlinks” in the middle of a text as it provide readers a chance to jump between texts and they may not fully receive the message the author is trying to pass on.
There are many examples of Warnick’s theory found in Ron Paul’s weblog: numbered lists of links, highlighting and underlining of important topics in the 14 January post, and bullet points to summarise the article in the 19 June 2003 post. The editor also uses the quotation marks and exclamation marks to demonstrate the active voice. Examples could be seen in sentences such as “The United States has sent billions and billions of dollars overseas for decades to do fine-sounding things like “building democracy,” “fighting drugs,” and “ending poverty”, “add your comments, too!!!” and “keep them growing!!!”. Interestingly, the list of articles is located at the top of the main page where readers do not have to scroll down the page. As Warnick (2006) suggests, this will keep the readers in the site longer. Also, the short sentences and the use of “(view more)” will make the section tidier and smaller in order to fit above the fold. The editor does locate “outlinks” in the middle of some articles; however there aren’t that many of them and this should not really disrupting readers from getting the message. I believe that this is actually providing opportunities for readers to get extra information from somewhere else as politics involve great amount of data including statistics and long articles from other politicians.
In conclusion, technological improvements have resulted in the use of telephone, radio and television as communication tools has expanding into the creation and operation of many online tools including weblogs. This allows users to expand their social network much further. However as weblog users can be connected globally, it is almost impossible to judge the trustworthiness of the information provided. Focusing on the selected political weblog, this essay has identified and critically discussed the key rhetorical features including ethos, kairos pathos, and interactivity. They are used by the editor for the purpose of entertaining, persuading and maintaining interests of readers as well as keeping them inside the site as long as possible. Furthermore these features are used to create trust. As the majority of weblog users are not educated in term of persuading readers through the use of language and the organisational skill, it is common to see weblogs missing some of key features covered in this essay. Unfortunately, some of key features were missing in the selected weblog, Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT], however, this essay provided reasons why he should apply them, methods and expected outcomes.
Law (2007) suggests, nearly 75% of existing blogs are written in English, Japanese or Korean. This indicates the popularity of weblogs amongst countries that have achieved some degree of economical development. The languages countries that are currently developing such as India and China will probably join this group sometime soon. It will be interesting to see whether Indian and Chinese people will use these rhetorical features of weblogs in the same that English, Japanese and Korean speakers do.
References
Blood, R. (2000, September 7). weblogs: a history and perspective. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html
Carroll, B. (2004). Culture Clash: Journalism and the Cummunal Ethos of the Blogosphere. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/culture_clash_journalism_and_the_communal_ethos_of_the_blogosphere.html
Clarke, R. L. (2006). A blogging we will go: on HFMA blog? What is the world coming to? Healthcare Financial Management, 60(1), 160-161.
Crockcroft, R. & Crockcroft, S. (2005). Persuading people: an introduction to Rhetoric. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Law, S. (2007). Market Watch Technology: The Participative Web: Social Networks And Beyond - Web 2.0 has arrived. Information Resources, Retrieved May 31, 2007, from (resource lost).
Miller, C. R., & Shepherd, D. (2004). Blogging as Social Action: A Genre Analysis of the Weblog. Retrieved May 24, 2007, from http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/blogging_as_social_action_a_genre_analysis_of_the_weblog.html
Newall, P. (2005). Rhetoric. Retrieved March 13, 2006, from
Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT], (2007). Weblog: Ron Paul: 08 [Manny – CT]. Retrieved 31 May, 2007, from
http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=191363250&Mytoken=5BCFCFD5-CAC4-490F-AE7EDF62333AA16B83280719
Tobias, V. (2005). Blog this! An introduction to blogs, blogging, and the feminist blogosphere. Feminist Collections: A Quarterly of Women's Studies Resources, 26(2-3), 11-15.
Walker, J. (2003, June 28). final version of weblogdefinition. Retrieved May 24, 2007, from http://huminf.uib.no/~jill/archives/blog_theorising/final_version_of_weblog_definition.html
Warnick, B. (2004). Online Ethos: Source Credibility in an “Authorless” Environment. Retrieved May 24, 2007, from
http://autonline.aut.ac.nz/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=11743
Warnick, B. (2006). Rhetoric on the Web. Retrieved May 24, 2007, from http://autonline.aut.ac.nz/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=11743
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